Exclusive Dominance and Racial Politics

The Shillong Merger Agreement of September 21, 1949 stands as a watershed moment in Manipur’s history, signifying its assimilation into the Indian Union. This pivotal event catalyzed the emergence of armed factions like PLA, UNLF, and KYKL, championing sovereignty and espousing communist ideologies. Subsequently, India designated these groups as terrorist entities. The drive for self-rule stemmed from the armed Meiteis’ desire to regain Manipur, viewing its incorporation into India as coercive. Notably, the Kuki and Naga tribal communities were excluded from discussions pertaining to this crucial political aspiration. The representation of Manipur was predominantly Meitei, underscoring their regional dominance. Consequently, Meitei’s exclusive policies and the exercise of hegemonic power persisted in the post-Merger Agreement period.

Meiteis had the opportunity to embrace inclusive politics, accommodating both Nagas and Kukis. Regrettably, they inadvertently sowed the seeds of ethnic discord. The Kukis, once substantial landholders in Northeast India, now contend with sentiments of marginalization and oppression. Post-independence Manipur deprived them of economic, cultural, and political entitlements. Historically, Kukis resisted the British primarily to safeguard their land. However, in independent Manipur, their rights were unfairly curtailed.

As the attainment of political sovereignty for the Meiteis became increasingly challenging, they contemplated alternatives, including expanding the valley area to accommodate the growing Meitei population. Although perceived as a substitute for sovereignty, this approach is rooted in racial prejudices. Meiteis view Kukis as convenient targets due to historical conflicts with Nagas in the 90s where Kukis are seen wrongly as natural enemy of the Nagas, geographical proximity to Meitei villages, and internal divisions among Kukis. Consequently, Kukis are seen as easy targets for implementing the Meitei agenda as an alternative to sovereignty.

This stance is anti-tribal, specifically targeting the Kukis. Their lack of inclusion within a diverse society is evident in their opposition to constitutional mechanisms designed to safeguard tribes, such as the Hill Areas Committee (HAC) and acts like MLR and LR. Both the government and civil society organizations (CSOs) have exhibited communal biases, fostering an atmosphere of hatred and suspicion. The perception of these constitutional provisions as threats by the dominant community has exacerbated animosity and sparked communal debates, further deepening divisions. Additionally, the longstanding focus on the valley in political and economic spheres has become a point of contention, causing dissatisfaction among tribal communities.